Introduction In the 19th century, Karl Marx revolutionized social thought by exposing the underlying dynamics of capitalism that shape human relations, labor, and consciousness. Among his most profound concepts is alienation, a condition that describes the estrangement of individuals from their work, the products they create, and ultimately from themselves and others. Marx’s theory of … Read more
Introduction In the twenty-first century, homes have become more than mere living spaces — they have evolved into interactive ecosystems powered by artificial intelligence, sensors, and data-driven automation. The smart home — once a futuristic concept — is now an everyday reality in many urban and middle-class households. From smart speakers that respond to our … Read more
Introduction The 2025 mayoral victory of Zohran Kwame Mamdani in New York City represents more than a political upset — it signals a sociological transformation in the structure of urban democracy. His success as a young, progressive, and Muslim candidate of Indian-Ugandan origin reveals how shifting demographics, economic pressures, identity politics, and generational realignments are … Read more
Introduction The U.S.–Mexico border is one of the most politically charged, culturally dynamic, and sociologically complex spaces in the world. Stretching nearly 2,000 miles from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, it is not just a geopolitical boundary dividing two nations — it is a social, cultural, and economic frontier where globalization, migration, … Read more
Introduction on Education and Social Inequality in United States Education has long been celebrated as the cornerstone of democracy and the primary means of achieving upward social mobility in the United States. From the early ideals of the “American Dream” to modern discourses on equality of opportunity, education is often portrayed as the great equalizer. … Read more
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has not only been a global health crisis but also a profound social and economic turning point. Among its many consequences, unemployment emerged as one of the most critical and far-reaching social issues of the post-pandemic era. While economists view unemployment as a matter of labor market dynamics, sociologists analyze it … Read more
Introduction Political polarization—defined as the growing ideological distance and hostility between opposing political groups—has become one of the defining features of the 21st century. Across nations, societies have witnessed increasing divisions between left and right, liberal and conservative, secular and religious, globalist and nationalist. While this phenomenon is often analyzed through political science or communication … Read more
Introduction In the 21st century, youth entrepreneurship has emerged as one of the most dynamic forces shaping economies, cultures, and societies worldwide. From tech start-ups in Silicon Valley to small-scale businesses in developing nations, young people are increasingly taking charge of their economic destinies. The question arises—is youth entrepreneurship merely a social trend fueled by … Read more
Introduction on Sociology of Health Health is one of the most fundamental aspects of human life. It determines not only an individual’s well-being but also the productivity, stability, and progress of society as a whole. Yet, despite advances in medical science and healthcare infrastructure, inequality in access to care remains a global issue. The sociology … Read more
Introduction on Sociology of Cybersecurity In the 21st century, the digital realm has become the newest and perhaps the most influential social arena. With the rapid expansion of the internet, political communication, social movements, and even warfare have shifted from physical to virtual spaces. In this context, cybersecurity has evolved beyond a purely technical issue—it … Read more