On September 27, 2026, Google celebrates its 28th birthday. For many people, the occasion may appear to be simply another anniversary of a technology company. From a sociological perspective, however, Google’s 28-year journey represents something much larger: the transformation of human society through information technology. Google was incorporated in September 1998, although the company itself … Read more
Introduction In modern democratic societies, the media plays a crucial role in shaping public discourse, disseminating information, and holding institutions accountable. In India, the rapid expansion of television news channels, digital media platforms, and social media has significantly increased the influence of the media in public life. While the media is often regarded as the … Read more
Introduction The launch of the Digital India initiative marked a decisive moment in India’s journey toward a technology-driven society. Conceived as a comprehensive national program to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy, Digital India goes far beyond infrastructure development or e-governance. From a sociological perspective, it represents a powerful force of … Read more
Introduction on Media in Contemporary Times In contemporary society, media has evolved into one of the most influential social institutions, shaping identities, relationships, political consciousness, cultural patterns, and economic behavior. From traditional newspapers to digital social networking sites, each media form plays a distinct yet interconnected role in constructing social reality. Sociology views media not … Read more
Introduction In the twenty-first century, homes have become more than mere living spaces — they have evolved into interactive ecosystems powered by artificial intelligence, sensors, and data-driven automation. The smart home — once a futuristic concept — is now an everyday reality in many urban and middle-class households. From smart speakers that respond to our … Read more
Introduction Social psychology stands at the intersection of sociology and psychology, exploring how human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are shaped by social contexts. While psychology often emphasizes the internal processes of the individual mind, sociology highlights collective patterns, institutions, and cultural frameworks. Social psychology connects these two domains, showing how the individual and society are … Read more
Introduction Human society and individual behavior are two inseparable aspects of human existence. To understand one, it is often necessary to study the other. This is where sociology and psychology, two important branches of social sciences, intersect. Sociology primarily studies society, its institutions, structures, and patterns of collective behavior, while psychology focuses on the individual … Read more
Introduction on ICT and Globalization In the contemporary era, globalization has emerged as a powerful force shaping the interconnectedness of societies, economies, and cultures across the globe. This interconnectedness is not a spontaneous phenomenon but is largely facilitated by the rapid development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). From the internet and mobile telephony to … Read more
Introduction on ICT and State The rise of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has deeply transformed the structure and functioning of the modern state. Traditionally, the state was viewed as the supreme authority exercising sovereignty over a defined territory and people, with institutions like legislature, executive, judiciary, and bureaucracy shaping its functions. However, with ICT … Read more
Introduction on ICT and Market The market, in its most basic sense, is a social institution where exchange, trade, and negotiation of goods and services take place. Traditionally, markets were physical spaces such as village bazaars, town squares, or weekly fairs where buyers and sellers interacted face-to-face. With the advancement of technology, particularly Information and … Read more