Introduction Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer’s Dialectics of Enlightenment (1947) is one of the most influential works of critical theory, offering a profound critique of modernity, rationality, and the Enlightenment’s legacy. Written during their exile in the United States amid the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust, the book presents a bleak diagnosis of modern … Read more
Introduction Jürgen Habermas, one of the most influential contemporary sociologists and philosophers, developed the Theory of Communicative Action as a critical framework for understanding modern society. Published in 1981 in his two-volume work, The Theory of Communicative Action, Habermas seeks to reconstruct critical theory by shifting focus from instrumental rationality to communicative rationality. This theory provides a sociological lens … Read more
Introduction Jürgen Habermas, a leading figure in contemporary critical theory, has made significant contributions to sociology, philosophy, and political theory. One of his most prominent concepts is the dichotomy between the lifeworld (Lebenswelt) and the system, which he elaborates in his Theory of Communicative Action (1981). This framework provides a critical lens to understand modern society’s structural transformations, the colonization … Read more
Introduction on Ram Manohar Lohia Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia (1910–1967) was a prominent socialist leader, thinker, and activist in post-independence India. His contributions to Indian politics and social movements were deeply rooted in his critique of caste, class, and gender hierarchies. Lohia’s ideology emphasized the empowerment of marginalized groups—Dalits, women, peasants, and backward castes—through radical … Read more
Introduction Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891–1956), popularly known as Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a jurist, social reformer, economist, and the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. His life and work were dedicated to the upliftment of marginalized communities, particularly Dalits (formerly known as “untouchables”), Adivasis, and other oppressed groups in India. From a sociological perspective, Ambedkar’s … Read more
Introduction Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (1827–1890), popularly known as Mahatma Jotiba Phule, was a pioneering social reformer, thinker, and activist in 19th-century India. His work laid the foundation for anti-caste movements and the empowerment of marginalized communities, including Shudras, Ati-Shudras (Dalits), and women. From a sociological perspective, Phule’s contributions were revolutionary as he challenged the entrenched … Read more
Introduction Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy, popularly known as Periyar (meaning “The Great One”), was a social reformer, rationalist, and political activist who championed the rights of marginalized communities in India. His ideologies and movements were deeply rooted in anti-caste, anti-religious orthodoxy, and social justice principles. From a sociological perspective, Periyar’s work provides critical insights into the … Read more
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, often referred to as Mahatma Gandhi, is one of the most influential figures in modern history. His contributions to India’s struggle for independence and his philosophy of non-violence (Ahimsa) and truth (Satyagraha) have been widely studied and celebrated. However, Gandhi’s impact extends far beyond the political realm; his ideas and actions have … Read more
Rabindranath Tagore, the polymath poet, philosopher, and social reformer, remains one of India’s most influential figures in shaping the nation’s cultural, social, and intellectual landscape. His contributions extend far beyond his literary genius, encompassing a profound engagement with the sociological fabric of India. Tagore’s work reflects a unique interplay of embracing tradition, questioning societal norms, … Read more
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) was a visionary reformer, educator, and social thinker whose contributions to Indian society during the 19th century were transformative. His work was deeply rooted in the sociological realities of his time, and his efforts to embrace modernity, question regressive traditions, and re-vision the future of Indian Muslims and the broader … Read more