Biopower is one of the most influential concepts in contemporary sociology, especially in the study of how modern societies regulate human life. Coined by French philosopher Michel Foucault, the term “biopower” describes the mechanisms through which institutions, states, and systems exercise control over human bodies, behaviors, and thoughts. Unlike traditional forms of power—such as monarchies … Read more
Introduction on Old and New Forms of Power & Division Power and social division are central concerns of sociology. Across time and cultures, human societies have been structured through systems that determine who holds authority, who has access to resources, and who remains marginalized. Traditional forms of hierarchy—such as caste, class, and patriarchy—have long shaped … Read more
Introduction on Russia vs China in Central Asia Central Asia, a vast region comprising Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, occupies a crucial position in global geopolitics. Nestled between Russia, China, South Asia, and the Middle East, the region has historically been a crossroads of trade, culture, and imperial ambitions. Today, Central Asia finds itself … Read more
Introduction on Concept of Mobility Mobility is one of the most significant concepts in sociology, as it helps us understand the patterns of movement of individuals and groups within the social structure. Societies are never static; they are constantly changing, and people continuously shift in terms of occupation, status, power, and lifestyle. This dynamic process … Read more
Introduction on Tribal Social Stratification Social stratification, in its simplest sense, refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society based on various socio-economic, cultural, or political criteria. While stratification is often associated with large, complex societies—through class, caste, race, or status divisions—it is equally relevant in the study of tribal communities. Tribal … Read more
Introduction on Industrial Social Stratification Social stratification has always been a central theme in sociology, referring to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on wealth, power, prestige, and access to resources. While stratification existed in pre-industrial societies through feudalism, caste, or slavery, the rise of industrial society introduced new patterns … Read more
Introduction on Agrarian Social Stratification Agrarian social stratification refers to the structured inequality and hierarchical arrangements that emerge in agricultural societies based on access to land, resources, and power. In sociology, this concept provides insights into how agrarian economies shape social classes, status, and power relations in rural settings. Unlike urban or industrial stratification, agrarian … Read more
Introduction on Risk in Mass Media In contemporary society, risk has become a central theme in public life. Risks are not only material or environmental but also discursive, shaped by how they are represented, circulated, and understood in the public domain. Among the most influential institutions in shaping public perception of risk is the mass … Read more
Introduction The relationship between religion and society has undergone a profound transformation in Europe over the past five centuries. From the dominance of the medieval Church to the Enlightenment’s rationalism, the Reformation’s fragmentation, and the modern pluralist democratic state, Europe has been a primary site for studying secularization and secularism. These two concepts, while related, … Read more
Introduction Religious conversion is one of the most fascinating and contested phenomena within the study of religion and society. It refers to the process of changing one’s religious affiliation, belief system, or spiritual orientation from one tradition to another. Sociologically, it is not merely a personal or spiritual experience but also a social act, shaped … Read more