Introduction on Family in Modern Society The family is one of the oldest and most fundamental social institutions, often regarded as the cornerstone of human society. It performs essential functions such as socialization, emotional support, reproduction, and the regulation of behavior. However, in modern society, the structure, function, and meaning of the family have undergone … Read more
Introduction Confucianism, one of the most influential philosophical and ethical systems in the world, has profoundly shaped the social structures, cultural norms, and moral frameworks of East Asian societies for over two millennia. Originating from the teachings of Confucius (Kong Fuzi, 551–479 BCE) in ancient China, Confucianism transcended its philosophical roots to become a sociocultural … Read more
Introduction In today’s interconnected and globalized world, the issues of race and ethnicity remain central to sociological inquiry. Despite significant progress in communication, education, and human rights, societies across the globe continue to grapple with racial and ethnic inequalities, prejudices, and tensions. The modern world is increasingly multicultural — characterized by the coexistence of diverse … Read more
Introduction Gender inequality continues to be one of the most persistent social problems of the 21st century, despite significant progress in education, employment, and political participation. From wage gaps to domestic labor divisions, from media portrayals to global representation, inequality based on gender persists in both visible and subtle forms. Sociology, as the systematic study … Read more
Introduction Globalization is one of the most defining processes of the modern world, transforming the economic, cultural, political and social landscapes across the globe. It refers to the increasing interconnectedness of societies through flows of goods, information, ideas, technology, and people. While globalization has created unprecedented opportunities for communication, trade, and mobility, it has also … Read more
Introduction Social media has become one of the most influential forces in shaping human interaction, identity, and perception in the 21st century. From Facebook and Instagram to X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok, these platforms connect billions of people across the globe in real time. Yet, beneath this façade of equality and openness lies a subtle … Read more
Introduction on Simmel’s Social Types Georg Simmel, one of the founding figures of sociology, offered a unique perspective on social life. Unlike Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, or Max Weber, who focused on large social structures or systems, Simmel turned his attention to the microscopic level of social interaction — the way people relate, connect, and … Read more
Introduction on Weber’s Protestant Ethic Max Weber, one of the founding figures of sociology, profoundly shaped our understanding of the relationship between culture, economy, and religion. In his classic work “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” (1905), Weber explored how religious values—specifically those derived from Protestantism—played a critical role in shaping the moral … Read more
Introduction The contemporary gig economy—characterized by short-term contracts, freelance work, and digital platforms such as Uber, Swiggy, Upwork, and Fiverr—represents one of the most significant transformations in modern labour relations. While it seems a product of advanced technology and globalization, the sociological questions it raises are deeply rooted in classical theory. One of the most … Read more
Introduction Historical materialism is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to explain the dynamics of society, history, and social change. It posits that material conditions—such as the mode of production, ownership of resources, and economic relations—are the primary drivers of historical development. In contrast to idealist philosophies, … Read more