Youth protest movements have emerged as one of the most defining socio-political phenomena in Hong Kong over the past decade. From the 2014 Umbrella Movement to the 2019 Anti-Extradition Bill protests, young people have consistently been at the forefront of collective action, mobilizing in large numbers and shaping global conversations about democracy, identity, and state-society … Read more
Native American communities represent some of the most culturally rich, historically significant, yet structurally marginalized populations in North America. Their socio-political experiences cannot be understood solely through the lens of history; they must be interpreted sociologically—as the result of centuries of colonialism, racialization, state policies, economic dispossession, and cultural resistance. Contemporary Native American life is … Read more
China’s rapid economic transformation over the past four decades has reshaped global discussions on development, urbanization, and social change. Yet beneath the impressive growth lies a deeply rooted institutional mechanism that continues to shape life chances, identity, and social mobility for millions of Chinese citizens—the hukou system. Originally introduced in the 1950s as a household … Read more
Asian Americans represent one of the most dynamic, diverse, and rapidly growing populations in the United States. With origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and parts of Central and West Asia, this demographic group includes immigrants, refugees, multi-generation U.S.-born individuals, and mixed-heritage families. From the arrival of Chinese laborers in the mid-19th century … Read more
Introduction on Latino Identity and Community Latino identity and community have become central themes in contemporary U.S. sociology. With the Latino population now among the largest and fastest-growing demographic groups in the United States, questions surrounding identity, race, migration, assimilation, citizenship, culture, and political participation have taken on renewed importance. The term “Latino,” however, is … Read more
Introduction Over the last four decades, few social transformations have been as dramatic, rapid, and far-reaching as China’s urbanization. From a largely agrarian society in the 1970s, China has evolved into a nation where over 65% of the population now lives in cities. This unprecedented shift has led to the rise of mega-cities—urban centers with … Read more
Introduction The African American experience holds a central place in the development of American sociology. From the legacies of slavery and racial segregation to ongoing struggles for civil rights, identity, and social justice, the African American journey has shaped how sociologists understand power, inequality, culture, resistance, and social change. Sociological theories, methods, and institutions in … Read more
Introduction Social inequality in the United States remains one of the most enduring and complex sociological issues of the 21st century. Despite being one of the world’s wealthiest nations, the U.S. displays some of the largest disparities in income, wealth, education, housing, health outcomes, and political influence among advanced economies. Scholars across sociology—structural functionalists, conflict … Read more
Introduction on Race and Ethnicity in North America Race and ethnicity are among the most enduring and controversial dimensions of North American society. Both concepts are deeply rooted in the continent’s colonial past and continue to shape its modern social structures, cultural identities, and political discourses. From the colonization of Indigenous lands to the transatlantic … Read more
Introduction The U.S.–Mexico border is one of the most politically charged, culturally dynamic, and sociologically complex spaces in the world. Stretching nearly 2,000 miles from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, it is not just a geopolitical boundary dividing two nations — it is a social, cultural, and economic frontier where globalization, migration, … Read more