SOCIOLOGICAL THINKERS

Islam and Secularism in Central Asian Societies: A Sociological Perspective

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Islam and Secularism in Central Asian Societies: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction on Islam and Secularism in Central Asian Societies Central Asia, comprising Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, represents one of the most fascinating laboratories for studying the coexistence of religion and secularism. The region, situated at the crossroads of Islamic civilization, Soviet socialism, and post-Soviet nation-building, reflects complex social dynamics where Islam and secularism … Read more

Modern Culture by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Exploration

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Race and Ethnicity in a Multicultural World: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction The emergence of modern culture has long been a subject of deep inquiry within sociology, and few thinkers have articulated its complexities as clearly as Georg Simmel. A founding figure in classical sociology, Simmel examined how modernity reshaped individual life, social interaction, and cultural expression. For Simmel, modern culture was not simply a collection … Read more

Social Types by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Perspective

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Youth Culture and Subcultures in the Digital Era: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction Georg Simmel (1858–1918), a founding figure in sociology, is often celebrated for his unique approach that fused philosophy, sociology, and cultural analysis. Unlike many of his contemporaries such as Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, or Max Weber, Simmel focused less on grand social structures and more on everyday interactions and patterns of association. His sociology … Read more

Forms of Interaction and Individuality by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Exploration

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Title: Simmel’s Social Types: How We Still Play Roles in Society

Introduction on Forms of Interaction Georg Simmel, one of the founding figures of sociology, is often regarded as a pioneer of micro-sociological analysis. Unlike Karl Marx, Max Weber, or Emile Durkheim, who primarily emphasized large social structures, Simmel devoted his intellectual energy to understanding the everyday patterns of interaction and their impact on human individuality. … Read more

Alienation by Karl Marx: A Sociological Perspective

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Alienation by Karl Marx: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction Karl Marx remains one of the most influential figures in the history of social thought. His critique of capitalism was not merely economic but deeply sociological, seeking to uncover how the structure of society affects human life and consciousness. Among his profound contributions, the concept of alienation (Entfremdung) occupies a central place. Alienation, according … Read more

Class Conflict by Karl Marx: A Sociological Perspective

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Why Karl Marx’s Class Conflict Still Shapes 2025 Society

Introduction Karl Marx remains one of the most influential figures in sociology, not only because of his comprehensive critique of capitalism but also for his conceptualization of class conflict as the driving force of historical development. His ideas transcend economics and political theory, deeply embedding themselves in the sociological imagination. Marx viewed society as an … Read more

Leela Dube: Structure of Patriarchy, State, Community, and Household in Modernizing Asia

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Family in Sociology: Types, Functions, and Changing Roles

Introduction Leela Dube (1923-2012) was a prominent Indian sociologist and feminist scholar whose work critically examined the intersections of gender, kinship, and patriarchy in South Asia. Her research focused on understanding how patriarchal structures persist and transform within the household, community, and state, particularly in the context of modernization. One of her significant contributions is … Read more

Bourdieu’s Concept of Habitus and Capital: A Sociological Perspective

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Bourdieu’s Concept of Habitus and Capital: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction on Concept of Habitus and Capital Pierre Bourdieu, one of the most influential sociologists of the 20th century, developed key concepts that have profoundly shaped contemporary sociological thought. Among his most significant contributions are the concepts of habitus and capital, which he used to analyze social structures, power dynamics, and cultural reproduction. Bourdieu’s theories provide a framework … Read more

Giddens’ Structuration Theory in Sociology

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Giddens’ Structuration Theory in Sociology

Introduction In an effort to close the gap between structure and agency in sociological theory, renowned British sociologist Anthony Giddens developed Structuration Theory in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The theory seeks to resolve the long-standing debate between structuralist perspectives, which emphasize the constraints of social systems, and interpretivist approaches, which focus on individual actions and meanings. Giddens … Read more

Giddens’ Concept of Modernity: A Sociological Perspective

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Giddens’ Structuration Theory in Sociology

Introduction on Giddens’ Concept of Modernity Anthony Giddens, a prominent British sociologist, has made significant contributions to the understanding of modernity, particularly through his theories on late modernity, structuration, and globalization. His conceptualization of modernity moves beyond classical sociological theories by emphasizing the dynamic and transformative nature of contemporary societies. Giddens argues that modernity is … Read more