HS Special Desk 
Introduction Confucianism, one of the most influential philosophical and ethical systems in the world, has profoundly shaped the social structures, cultural norms, and moral frameworks of East Asian societies for over two millennia. Originating from the teachings of Confucius (Kong Fuzi, 551–479 BCE) in ancient China, Confucianism transcended its philosophical roots to become a sociocultural … Read more
Introduction on Dairy and Fishery Industry The dairy and fishery industries hold significant positions in the socio-economic fabric of rural societies. These sectors are not merely economic activities but social institutions deeply embedded in community life, traditions, and relationships. From the lens of sociology, they can be viewed as integral systems that influence social organization, … Read more
Introduction The commercialization of agriculture represents one of the most significant transformations in rural societies, particularly in the developing world. It refers to the process through which agriculture shifts from subsistence-oriented production—where farmers grow primarily for household consumption—to market-oriented production, where crops and livestock are produced mainly for sale and profit. This transformation is not … Read more
Introduction In today’s interconnected and globalized world, the issues of race and ethnicity remain central to sociological inquiry. Despite significant progress in communication, education, and human rights, societies across the globe continue to grapple with racial and ethnic inequalities, prejudices, and tensions. The modern world is increasingly multicultural — characterized by the coexistence of diverse … Read more
Introduction Gender inequality continues to be one of the most persistent social problems of the 21st century, despite significant progress in education, employment, and political participation. From wage gaps to domestic labor divisions, from media portrayals to global representation, inequality based on gender persists in both visible and subtle forms. Sociology, as the systematic study … Read more
Introduction on Characteristics of Indian Village Community The Indian village community has always been the cornerstone of Indian civilization, culture, and social life. Nearly two-thirds of India’s population still resides in villages, making them an integral part of the country’s social structure. Sociologists such as M.N. Srinivas, A.R. Desai, and D.N. Majumdar have extensively studied … Read more
Introduction on Objectives of Educational Policies Education in India has always been more than a means of acquiring knowledge—it is a vital social institution that shapes identity, culture, and development. Through education, societies reproduce values, promote equality, and adapt to social change. India’s Objectives of Educational Policies since independence have reflected this sociological role, attempting … Read more
Introduction Globalization is one of the most defining processes of the modern world, transforming the economic, cultural, political and social landscapes across the globe. It refers to the increasing interconnectedness of societies through flows of goods, information, ideas, technology, and people. While globalization has created unprecedented opportunities for communication, trade, and mobility, it has also … Read more
Introduction on Modern Education in India Education is one of the most powerful instruments for social transformation and human development. In the Indian context, the structure and growth of modern education reflect the nation’s historical transitions, social aspirations, and developmental needs. From the colonial period to post-independence reforms and the present globalized era, modern education … Read more
Introduction on Education in Traditional Indian Society Education in traditional Indian society was deeply rooted in the social, cultural, and religious fabric of the civilization. It was not merely a means of acquiring knowledge or professional skills but a moral and spiritual journey aimed at achieving self-realization (moksha). Unlike modern education, which often emphasizes economic … Read more