Introduction Globalization is one of the most defining processes of the modern world, transforming the economic, cultural, political and social landscapes across the globe. It refers to the increasing interconnectedness of societies through flows of goods, information, ideas, technology, and people. While globalization has created unprecedented opportunities for communication, trade, and mobility, it has also … Read more
Introduction Social media has become one of the most influential forces in shaping human interaction, identity, and perception in the 21st century. From Facebook and Instagram to X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok, these platforms connect billions of people across the globe in real time. Yet, beneath this façade of equality and openness lies a subtle … Read more
Introduction on Simmel’s Social Types Georg Simmel, one of the founding figures of sociology, offered a unique perspective on social life. Unlike Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, or Max Weber, who focused on large social structures or systems, Simmel turned his attention to the microscopic level of social interaction — the way people relate, connect, and … Read more
Introduction on Weber’s Protestant Ethic Max Weber, one of the founding figures of sociology, profoundly shaped our understanding of the relationship between culture, economy, and religion. In his classic work “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” (1905), Weber explored how religious values—specifically those derived from Protestantism—played a critical role in shaping the moral … Read more
Introduction The contemporary gig economy—characterized by short-term contracts, freelance work, and digital platforms such as Uber, Swiggy, Upwork, and Fiverr—represents one of the most significant transformations in modern labour relations. While it seems a product of advanced technology and globalization, the sociological questions it raises are deeply rooted in classical theory. One of the most … Read more
Introduction Historical materialism is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to explain the dynamics of society, history, and social change. It posits that material conditions—such as the mode of production, ownership of resources, and economic relations—are the primary drivers of historical development. In contrast to idealist philosophies, … Read more
Introduction on Max Weber on Power Power has always been central to human society, shaping the organization of communities, states, and global structures. Among the classical sociologists, Max Weber (1864–1920) stands as one of the most influential thinkers in understanding power and authority. His analysis, rooted in sociology and political theory, offers timeless insights into … Read more
Introduction Karl Marx remains one of the most influential thinkers in sociology, economics, and political science. His theory of class conflict, developed during the 19th century in the context of industrial capitalism, emphasized the antagonism between two fundamental classes: the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers who sell their labor … Read more
Introduction on AI Replacing Jobs The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the 21st century represents one of the most profound transformations in the history of work. From automated factories to algorithm-driven customer service, AI technologies are increasingly taking over functions that were once the domain of human labor. This development raises critical questions about … Read more
Introduction on War and Society War has been one of the most defining forces in human history. From ancient tribal battles to world wars and contemporary conflicts, wars have left a profound imprint not only on political structures and national boundaries but also on societies and communities. The sociological study of war examines how conflicts … Read more