Introduction on Social Inequality in the Age of Billionaires The twenty-first century is often celebrated as the age of unprecedented wealth, innovation, and globalization. Yet beneath the glossy surface of technological revolutions, luxury lifestyles, and the glamour of billionaires lies a stark and disturbing reality: deepening social inequality. In an era where the world’s wealthiest … Read more
Elections are the cornerstone of democracy — a process through which citizens exercise their right to choose representatives and shape the direction of their societies. However, voting is not merely a political act; it is a deeply social phenomenon shaped by cultural values, class structures, group identities, and historical experiences. Sociology seeks to understand why … Read more
Introduction: The Paradox of Urban Connection Modern cities are often described as the epicentres of opportunity, progress, and connectivity. Skyscrapers, bustling streets, and digital communication networks give the impression of a hyperconnected world. Yet beneath this glittering façade lies a profound social problem — loneliness. Despite being surrounded by millions, urban dwellers increasingly experience isolation, … Read more
Introduction Urban sociology, as a subfield of sociology, explores how human relationships, social institutions, and cultural patterns evolve within urban environments. With rapid technological advancements and the increasing integration of digital systems into urban infrastructure, a new form of urban life has emerged — the smart city. These cities, driven by data, connectivity, and automation, … Read more
Introduction Crime has long been one of the most persistent challenges in human societies. While individual psychology and moral decay are often cited as causes of criminal behavior, sociology provides a broader and more structural explanation. The sociology of crime investigates the ways in which social conditions—such as poverty, class divisions, racial inequality, and institutional … Read more
Introduction Youth culture has always been a dynamic force shaping societies, reflecting the aspirations, conflicts, and transformations of every generation. In the digital era, this cultural sphere has undergone radical changes, as the internet, social media, and digital communication technologies have redefined identity, belonging, and social interaction. Youth no longer express their subcultural affiliations merely … Read more
Introduction on Family in Modern Society The family is one of the oldest and most fundamental social institutions, often regarded as the cornerstone of human society. It performs essential functions such as socialization, emotional support, reproduction, and the regulation of behavior. However, in modern society, the structure, function, and meaning of the family have undergone … Read more
Introduction Confucianism, one of the most influential philosophical and ethical systems in the world, has profoundly shaped the social structures, cultural norms, and moral frameworks of East Asian societies for over two millennia. Originating from the teachings of Confucius (Kong Fuzi, 551–479 BCE) in ancient China, Confucianism transcended its philosophical roots to become a sociocultural … Read more
Introduction In today’s interconnected and globalized world, the issues of race and ethnicity remain central to sociological inquiry. Despite significant progress in communication, education, and human rights, societies across the globe continue to grapple with racial and ethnic inequalities, prejudices, and tensions. The modern world is increasingly multicultural — characterized by the coexistence of diverse … Read more
Introduction Gender inequality continues to be one of the most persistent social problems of the 21st century, despite significant progress in education, employment, and political participation. From wage gaps to domestic labor divisions, from media portrayals to global representation, inequality based on gender persists in both visible and subtle forms. Sociology, as the systematic study … Read more