Introduction on Crime and Social Control Crime and social control are central concerns of sociology because they reveal how societies define acceptable behavior, enforce norms, and manage deviance. In modern Australia, crime is not only a legal issue but also a deeply social phenomenon shaped by inequality, power relations, cultural diversity, globalization, and technological change. … Read more
Introduction Gender and work have remained central concerns in sociological studies across the world, and Australia provides a particularly rich context for examining these dynamics. Despite being a high-income, democratic society with strong legal frameworks for equality, Australia continues to experience persistent gender-based inequalities in employment, wages, occupational status, and workâlife balance. From feminist sociology … Read more
Introduction The role of women in Confucian cultures has been a central topic in sociological debates on gender, family, morality, and social order in East Asia. Confucianism, as a moralâphilosophical system, has historically shaped social institutions, kinship patterns, education, governance, and everyday life across societies such as China, Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam. While often … Read more
Introduction on Globalization and Social Change Globalization has emerged as one of the most transformative forces shaping societies in the 21st century. North Americaâparticularly the United States, Canada, and Mexicoâstands at the crossroads of global economic, cultural, and political flows that have redefined social life in profound ways. From changes in labor markets and migration … Read more
Introduction Race, ethnicity, and identity are central themes in the sociological understanding of Australian society. Australia is often celebrated as one of the worldâs most successful multicultural nations, home to people from diverse racial, ethnic, linguistic, and religious backgrounds. Yet beneath this image lies a complex history shaped by colonialism, racial exclusion, Indigenous dispossession, migration … Read more
Introduction South Korea is often described as one of the most technologically advanced societies in the world. High-speed internet, near-universal smartphone usage, cutting-edge electronics manufacturing, and digitally integrated everyday life have transformed how people communicate, work, learn, and form social relationships. From smart classrooms and online gaming cultures to AI-driven services and digital governance, technology … Read more
Introduction Education in the United States has long been viewed as a pathway to opportunity, mobility, and democratic participation. Yet, sociological research consistently shows that schools often reproduce social inequalities rather than eliminate them. The relationship between education reforms and social justice in U.S. schools is therefore a central concern of sociology, as it reveals … Read more
Urban sociology examines how social life is shaped by city spaces, institutions, economies, and cultural patterns. In Australia, rapid urbanisation has produced a unique urban landscape where colonial history, Indigenous presence, global migration, neoliberal economic policies, and environmental challenges intersect. More than 85% of Australians live in cities, making urban sociology central to understanding Australian … Read more
Introduction The relationship between race and policing in the United States has been one of the most enduring and contested issues in American social life. From slave patrols in the colonial era to contemporary debates around police violence, racial profiling, and mass incarceration, policing has been deeply intertwined with systems of racial hierarchy. Sociologically, policing … Read more
Introduction Education is widely regarded as a key instrument for social mobility, economic development, and democratic participation. In modern societies, schooling is expected to provide equal opportunities to all individuals regardless of their social background. However, sociological research consistently shows that education systems often reproduce existing social inequalities rather than eliminate them. In Australia, despite … Read more