Introduction Historical materialism is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to explain the dynamics of society, history, and social change. It posits that material conditions—such as the mode of production, ownership of resources, and economic relations—are the primary drivers of historical development. In contrast to idealist philosophies, … Read more
Introduction on Max Weber on Power Power has always been central to human society, shaping the organization of communities, states, and global structures. Among the classical sociologists, Max Weber (1864–1920) stands as one of the most influential thinkers in understanding power and authority. His analysis, rooted in sociology and political theory, offers timeless insights into … Read more
Introduction Karl Marx remains one of the most influential thinkers in sociology, economics, and political science. His theory of class conflict, developed during the 19th century in the context of industrial capitalism, emphasized the antagonism between two fundamental classes: the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers who sell their labor … Read more
Introduction on AI Replacing Jobs The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the 21st century represents one of the most profound transformations in the history of work. From automated factories to algorithm-driven customer service, AI technologies are increasingly taking over functions that were once the domain of human labor. This development raises critical questions about … Read more
Introduction on War and Society War has been one of the most defining forces in human history. From ancient tribal battles to world wars and contemporary conflicts, wars have left a profound imprint not only on political structures and national boundaries but also on societies and communities. The sociological study of war examines how conflicts … Read more
Introduction on Sociology of Democracy Democracy, as a form of governance, thrives on informed participation, open dialogue, and trust in institutions. Citizens are expected to deliberate, evaluate competing claims, and make decisions that shape the political order. However, in the contemporary world, the phenomenon of fake news—fabricated information presented as fact with the intent to … Read more
Introduction The study of women’s rights and gender roles in Uzbekistan offers a complex sociological narrative, shaped by history, culture, religion, state policies, and global influences. Uzbekistan, as a Central Asian country with a rich heritage of Islamic tradition, Soviet legacy, and modern nation-building, reflects both progress and challenges in the domain of gender equality. … Read more
Introduction Turkmenistan, a landlocked Central Asian nation, remains one of the most tightly controlled societies on earth. Since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, its political system has exhibited hallmark features of authoritarian rule: highly centralized power, pervasive propaganda, tightly managed civil society, and relentless surveillance. This sociological analysis investigates how authoritarianism in Turkmenistan … Read more
Introduction Student movements have historically played a transformative role in shaping societies, influencing politics, culture, and public policy. From the anti-colonial struggles of the 20th century to protests against authoritarian regimes, students have consistently emerged as powerful agents of change. In 2025, student movements across the world are once again rising to prominence, fueled by … Read more
Introduction on U.S.–India Trade Conflict On August 27, 2025, the United States imposed a 50% tariff on Indian exports, doubling the previous 25% rate. This move affected a wide range of goods—shrimp, textiles, gems, jewelry, furniture, and mentha oil—covering almost two-thirds of India’s annual $86 billion exports to the U.S. The justification from Washington was … Read more