Introduction Functionalism was one of the dominant theoretical paradigms in sociology during the mid-20th century. Developed most prominently by Talcott Parsons and further refined by Robert K. Merton, functionalism presented society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain order, stability, and equilibrium. However, as the 1960s and 1970s brought waves of … Read more
Introduction In the contemporary era, social movements are not confined within the boundaries of nation-states but are deeply intertwined with the processes of globalization. Globalization, which refers to the intensification of worldwide social relations linking distant localities, has brought about profound changes in the way societies operate, communicate, and mobilize. From environmental movements to feminist … Read more
Introduction Social movements have historically played a crucial role in shaping societies, challenging oppressive structures, and creating spaces for alternative visions of social order. Classical movements, such as labor movements or anti-colonial struggles, were largely centered on material concerns—economic redistribution, political rights, or control over state power. However, from the late 20th century onwards, a … Read more
Introduction on Sources and Causes of Mobility Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one social status to another within a society. It can be upward (improvement in status, income, or prestige) or downward (loss of position or power). The concept is central in sociology because it highlights the dynamics of … Read more
Introduction on Closed and Open System of Mobility Social mobility is one of the central concerns of sociology, as it highlights how individuals or groups move across different layers of social stratification within a society. It refers to the ability of people to shift their social position, whether upward, downward, horizontally, or intergenerationally. The nature … Read more
Introduction on Gender and Social Stratification Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in society based on unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power. Traditionally, sociologists have examined stratification through class, caste, race, and ethnicity. However, gender has increasingly been recognized as a crucial dimension of stratification because it deeply influences … Read more
Introduction on Caste and Class Stratification Human society has always been organized around systems of stratification that determine access to resources, power, and prestige. Two of the most important and widely discussed forms of social stratification are caste and class. Both represent hierarchical structures, yet they differ in their basis, rigidity, and implications for social … Read more
Introduction on Race and Slavery Stratification Race and slavery have historically been among the most significant forces shaping human societies. Both concepts have structured hierarchies, influenced social identities, and created deep forms of inequality. From ancient civilizations to modern times, slavery has operated as a system of stratification, often intertwined with race, to create rigid … Read more
Introduction on Concept of Mobility Mobility is one of the most significant concepts in sociology, as it helps us understand the patterns of movement of individuals and groups within the social structure. Societies are never static; they are constantly changing, and people continuously shift in terms of occupation, status, power, and lifestyle. This dynamic process … Read more
Introduction on Tribal Social Stratification Social stratification, in its simplest sense, refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society based on various socio-economic, cultural, or political criteria. While stratification is often associated with large, complex societies—through class, caste, race, or status divisions—it is equally relevant in the study of tribal communities. Tribal … Read more