Youth unemployment has become one of the most pressing social issues in contemporary Spain. While unemployment affects various segments of society, its impact on young people is particularly severe and socially transformative. The problem is not merely economic; it is deeply embedded in structures of class, education, family, region, and public policy. From a sociological … Read more
Introduction Family and kinship have long occupied a central position in Italian society. Historically, Italy has been characterized by strong family bonds, extended kin networks, and deep intergenerational ties that shaped social life, economic behavior, and cultural identity. However, like many modern societies, Italy has experienced profound social change over the past century. Industrialization, urbanization, … Read more
Danish society is often cited as one of the most successful examples of how modern welfare states can balance economic efficiency, social equality, and democratic participation. At the heart of this success lies the Nordic Welfare Model, a distinctive social system shared—though not identically—by the Scandinavian countries. From a sociological standpoint, Denmark offers a compelling … Read more
Introduction Gender equality has long been a defining feature of Swedish society and an important pillar of its welfare state. Among advanced industrial societies, Sweden is frequently cited as a global model for progressive family policy and egalitarian gender relations. From paid parental leave and subsidized childcare to individual taxation and strong labor protections, Swedish … Read more
Introduction The idea of the welfare state occupies a central position in sociological debates on social equality, justice, and state responsibility. Among all welfare regimes in the world, Sweden is frequently cited as the most successful example of a welfare state committed to reducing social inequality. The Swedish model is known for its universal social … Read more
Introduction In recent decades, Ireland has experienced profound social and economic transformations driven by globalization, neoliberal economic policies, and rapid urban development. While these changes brought periods of growth and prosperity—most notably during the Celtic Tiger era—they also deepened structural inequalities within Irish society. One of the most visible and socially disruptive outcomes of these … Read more
Introduction Brexit—the United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union following the 2016 referendum—represents one of the most significant political and social turning points in modern British history. While Brexit is often discussed in economic or political terms, its deeper and more lasting impact lies in the realm of society. The referendum did not merely … Read more
Introduction British society has long been regarded as one of the most class-conscious societies in the world. Despite major economic, political, and cultural transformations over the past two centuries, the class system continues to shape social relations, life chances, and identity in the United Kingdom. Unlike societies that claim classlessness, Britain historically embraced class as … Read more
Germany is often regarded as one of the most successful examples of a modern welfare state in Europe. Its strong economy, comprehensive social security system, and commitment to social protection have shaped the lives of its citizens for decades. At the same time, German society is not free from social inequalities. Social stratification—based on class, … Read more
Introduction on Secularism and Religion in France France is often considered one of the most secular nations in the world. The principle of laïcité—French secularism—shapes public life, politics, education, and the relationship between the state and religion. Unlike countries where religion plays a visible role in public affairs, France maintains a strict separation between religion … Read more