Hub Sociology Desk 
Introduction Erving Goffman, one of the most influential sociologists of the 20th century, offered a unique perspective on human interaction through his Dramaturgical Theory. Introduced in his landmark book The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959), Goffman compared social life to a theatrical performance. He suggested that individuals, like actors on a stage, perform … Read more
Introduction Exchange theory represents one of the most significant efforts in sociology to explain social behavior through the logic of reciprocity, reward, and cost. Rooted in both economics and behavioral psychology, it views social interaction as a process of exchange in which individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Among the pioneers of this … Read more
George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) stands as one of the most influential figures in the development of modern sociology, particularly for his contributions to the theory of Symbolic Interactionism. His ideas laid the foundation for understanding how individuals and societies are interrelated through symbols, language, and communication. Mead’s intellectual legacy transcends psychology and philosophy, profoundly shaping … Read more
Introduction on Development and Inequalities Development has long been seen as the process of improving the quality of human life through economic growth, technological progress, social transformation, and political modernization. However, development is not a neutral or uniformly beneficial process. It often reproduces or even intensifies existing inequalities within and between societies. From a sociological … Read more
Introduction on Globalization and Development Globalization and development are among the most debated concepts in contemporary sociology. Both terms represent complex, interlinked processes shaping the modern world. While development traditionally refers to the economic, social, and political progress of nations, globalization signifies the increasing interconnectedness of societies through trade, communication, culture, and technology. From a … Read more
Introduction on Development and Environmental Hazards Urban development has long been celebrated as a sign of progress, modernity, and human achievement. Cities represent centers of economic growth, technological innovation, and cultural exchange. Yet, beneath this apparent advancement lies a complex reality—rapid urbanization often brings severe environmental hazards. From air and water pollution to waste management … Read more
Introduction on State and Development The relationship between the state and development has long been one of the central themes in sociology and political economy. The state, as a structured system of governance, plays a vital role in shaping economic growth, social welfare, and cultural transformation. Development, on the other hand, refers to the progressive … Read more
Introduction on Gandhian Model of Development The Gandhian model of development represents a holistic vision that integrates economic progress with moral, social, and spiritual well-being. Unlike the Western industrial model, which emphasizes material growth and technological expansion, Mahatma Gandhi’s development philosophy cantered around human dignity, community welfare, and ecological harmony. From a sociological standpoint, the … Read more
Introduction The study of global development has long been shaped by competing theories that attempt to explain why some nations prosper while others remain economically and politically marginalized. Among these, World System Theory—pioneered by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s—offers one of the most influential frameworks for understanding global inequality. Unlike modernization theory, which assumes … Read more
Introduction on Louis Althusser’s Views on Conflict Theory Louis Althusser (1918–1990), a French Marxist philosopher, made profound contributions to social theory by reinterpreting Karl Marx’s ideas through a structuralist framework. While not traditionally classified as a “conflict theorist” in the same vein as Marx, Weber, or Dahrendorf, Althusser’s work nonetheless fits within the broader landscape … Read more