HS Special Desk 
Introduction The study of women’s rights and gender roles in Uzbekistan offers a complex sociological narrative, shaped by history, culture, religion, state policies, and global influences. Uzbekistan, as a Central Asian country with a rich heritage of Islamic tradition, Soviet legacy, and modern nation-building, reflects both progress and challenges in the domain of gender equality. … Read more
Introduction on Marxian Approach to Stratification Social stratification, the structured inequality of individuals and groups in society, has been a central concern of sociology. Different theorists have analyzed why inequality exists, how it persists, and its consequences for social life. Karl Marx’s viewpoint is still among the most revolutionary and significant of them. The Marxian … Read more
Introduction on Functional Approach to Stratification Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in society based on factors such as class, caste, status, power, wealth, and prestige. It shapes access to resources, life chances, and opportunities, making it one of the central concerns in sociology. Among the many perspectives that explain … Read more
Introduction on Inequality and Social Stratification Societies across history have been marked by differences in wealth, power, and status. These differences are not accidental; rather, they are structured and maintained through various social mechanisms. Sociology uses the concept of social stratification to explain these divisions, and it views inequality as a central outcome of stratified … Read more
Introduction Turkmenistan, a landlocked Central Asian nation, remains one of the most tightly controlled societies on earth. Since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, its political system has exhibited hallmark features of authoritarian rule: highly centralized power, pervasive propaganda, tightly managed civil society, and relentless surveillance. This sociological analysis investigates how authoritarianism in Turkmenistan … Read more
Introduction on R N Bellah on Contemporary Approaches Religion, as a deeply rooted social phenomenon, has long occupied a central place in sociology. Robert Neelly Bellah (1927–2013), one of the leading intellectuals who transformed the study of religion in the modern era, is notable for his complex, historically informed, and multidisciplinary methodology. Bellah’s contributions stretch … Read more
Introduction on Clifford Geertz on Contemporary Approaches Religion has been one of the most significant and complex domains of sociological inquiry. From the classical works of Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber, religion has been examined through lenses of ideology, social solidarity, and meaning-making. However, in the second half of the 20th century, a … Read more
Introduction on Marxian Approach Religion has long been a subject of deep sociological inquiry. Thinkers from different schools of thought have analyzed religion’s origins, role, and impact on society. Among them, Karl Marx provided one of the most critical and influential perspectives. His approach to religion was deeply rooted in his broader theoretical framework of … Read more
Introduction on Evolutionary Approach Religion has long been a central subject of sociological inquiry. From Émile Durkheim to Max Weber, scholars have sought to understand how religion shapes human societies and how societies, in turn, shape religious ideas and practices. Among the earliest theoretical perspectives in the sociology of religion is the evolutionary approach, which … Read more
Introduction Democracy in India is often celebrated as the world’s largest experiment in popular governance. Since its independence in 1947, India has upheld democratic ideals of universal adult suffrage, rule of law, and representative institutions despite its enormous cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity. From a sociological perspective, Indian democracy is not merely a system of … Read more