HS Special Desk 
Introduction Urbanization is one of the most significant social transformations in modern India. From ancient cities like Varanasi and Madurai to contemporary megacities such as Mumbai, Delhi, and Bengaluru, urban centers have long played a crucial role in India’s social and economic life. However, the pace and scale of urbanization after independence, especially since economic … Read more
Introduction The launch of the Digital India initiative marked a decisive moment in India’s journey toward a technology-driven society. Conceived as a comprehensive national program to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy, Digital India goes far beyond infrastructure development or e-governance. From a sociological perspective, it represents a powerful force of … Read more
Introduction Globalization is one of the most powerful forces shaping contemporary societies. It refers to the growing interconnectedness of the world through economic integration, technological advancement, cultural exchange, and political cooperation. For a diverse and historically rooted society like India, globalization has been both transformative and controversial. Since the economic liberalization of the 1990s, India … Read more
Introduction American society is one of the most complex and dynamic social systems in the contemporary world. Shaped by centuries of migration, colonization, industrialization, and political transformation, the social structure of the United States reflects both deep-rooted inequalities and strong democratic ideals. From race and class divisions to cultural pluralism and rapid technological change, American … Read more
Introduction France is often associated with ideals of liberté, égalité, fraternité—freedom, equality, and brotherhood. These principles, rooted in the French Revolution, continue to shape the country’s political culture and social imagination. Yet, despite strong republican values and an extensive welfare state, class structure and social inequality in France remain persistent and complex realities. From income … Read more
Introduction Urban sociology examines how social life, power relations, culture, economy, and inequality are shaped within cities. European metropolitan centres provide particularly rich cases because of their long histories, layered social structures, and contemporary global roles. Among them, Paris, Berlin, and London stand out as three global cities with distinct urban trajectories. Although all three … Read more
Introduction The tension between tradition and modernity in contemporary Europe is one of the most defining sociological themes in contemporary Europe. As European societies undergo rapid technological advancement, economic restructuring, and cultural globalization, long-standing traditions related to family, religion, community life, and cultural identity continue to persist—sometimes harmoniously, sometimes in conflict. This dynamic interaction between … Read more
Introduction In the 21st century, media and technology have become central forces shaping social life across the globe. Australia, as a highly developed and digitally connected society, offers a rich context for understanding how media technologies influence culture, identity, power, inequality, and everyday social interactions. From traditional print and broadcast media to social networking platforms, … Read more
Introduction Family is recognized as the primary unit of social structure in societies across the world. In India, the traditional family system was predominantly joint, where extended members across generations lived together, shared resources, and maintained strong emotional and economic bonds. Over the last few decades, however, India has experienced a significant shift from joint … Read more
Introduction on Social Change in India After Liberalization The economic liberalization of India in 1991 marked a turning point not only in macroeconomic policy but also in the everyday lives, identities, and social structures of people across the subcontinent. What began as a set of fiscal and regulatory adjustments — deregulation, opening to foreign capital, … Read more