HS Special Desk 
Introduction on Race and Slavery Stratification Race and slavery have historically been among the most significant forces shaping human societies. Both concepts have structured hierarchies, influenced social identities, and created deep forms of inequality. From ancient civilizations to modern times, slavery has operated as a system of stratification, often intertwined with race, to create rigid … Read more
Religion has always been more than a matter of private belief; it often shapes collective life, moral boundaries, and national identity. From the rise of ancient empires to the modern nation-state and plays an active role in the Religion in Public Sphere—a domain where citizens deliberate, express values, and negotiate the norms that govern society. … Read more
Introduction on Secularization and Secularism in Indian Experience Secularization and secularism are closely related yet distinct concepts that play a vital role in shaping modern societies. Secularization broadly refers to the historical and sociological process through which religion loses its influence over various spheres of life—politics, education, law, and culture. Secularism, in contrast, is a … Read more
Introduction on Russia vs China in Central Asia Central Asia, a vast region comprising Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, occupies a crucial position in global geopolitics. Nestled between Russia, China, South Asia, and the Middle East, the region has historically been a crossroads of trade, culture, and imperial ambitions. Today, Central Asia finds itself … Read more
Introduction Labor migration has become one of the most defining social, economic, and cultural phenomena in Central Asia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russia, as the largest economy in the post-Soviet space, has attracted millions of migrant workers from Central Asian republics such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. While Russia’s growing … Read more
Introduction on Concept of Mobility Mobility is one of the most significant concepts in sociology, as it helps us understand the patterns of movement of individuals and groups within the social structure. Societies are never static; they are constantly changing, and people continuously shift in terms of occupation, status, power, and lifestyle. This dynamic process … Read more
Introduction on Tribal Social Stratification Social stratification, in its simplest sense, refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society based on various socio-economic, cultural, or political criteria. While stratification is often associated with large, complex societies—through class, caste, race, or status divisions—it is equally relevant in the study of tribal communities. Tribal … Read more
Introduction on Industrial Social Stratification Social stratification has always been a central theme in sociology, referring to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on wealth, power, prestige, and access to resources. While stratification existed in pre-industrial societies through feudalism, caste, or slavery, the rise of industrial society introduced new patterns … Read more
Introduction on Agrarian Social Stratification Agrarian social stratification refers to the structured inequality and hierarchical arrangements that emerge in agricultural societies based on access to land, resources, and power. In sociology, this concept provides insights into how agrarian economies shape social classes, status, and power relations in rural settings. Unlike urban or industrial stratification, agrarian … Read more
Introduction on Governmentality and Risk In contemporary sociology, the concepts of governmentality and risk have become central to understanding how modern societies are organized, regulated, and disciplined. The term governmentality was developed by Michel Foucault in the late 1970s to describe the rationalities, techniques, and practices through which populations are governed. It shifts attention from … Read more