Introduction Exchange theory represents one of the most significant efforts in sociology to explain social behavior through the logic of reciprocity, reward, and cost. Rooted in both economics and behavioral psychology, it views social interaction as a process of exchange in which individuals seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs. Among the pioneers of this … Read more
George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) stands as one of the most influential figures in the development of modern sociology, particularly for his contributions to the theory of Symbolic Interactionism. His ideas laid the foundation for understanding how individuals and societies are interrelated through symbols, language, and communication. Mead’s intellectual legacy transcends psychology and philosophy, profoundly shaping … Read more
Introduction Ralf Dahrendorf (1929–2009) was a German-British sociologist, political scientist, and liberal thinker whose works significantly reshaped modern conflict theory in sociology. His most influential contribution lies in redefining social conflict within the framework of structural-functionalism and Marxism. At a time when Talcott Parsons and other functionalists emphasized social order, stability, and integration, Ralf Dahrendorf … Read more
Introduction on Simmel’s Social Types Georg Simmel, one of the founding figures of sociology, offered a unique perspective on social life. Unlike Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, or Max Weber, who focused on large social structures or systems, Simmel turned his attention to the microscopic level of social interaction — the way people relate, connect, and … Read more
Introduction In the landscape of sociological theory, functionalism has remained a foundational perspective, though not without criticism and subsequent reformulations. Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton laid the groundwork for functionalist thought, emphasizing the importance of social systems, institutions, and values in maintaining order. However, functionalism began to face intellectual decline during the 1960s and … Read more
Preparing for the UGC NET Sociology exam requires a strong grasp of Sociological Theory (s) , from classical foundations to contemporary debates. This comprehensive collection of 100 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) on Sociological Theory is designed to test and strengthen your understanding of key concepts, theorists, and paradigms. Covering essential thinkers like Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Foucault, and Bourdieu, as … Read more