Introduction on War and Society War has been one of the most defining forces in human history. From ancient tribal battles to world wars and contemporary conflicts, wars have left a profound imprint not only on political structures and national boundaries but also on societies and communities. The sociological study of war examines how conflicts … Read more
Introduction on ICT, Society and Democracy Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has emerged as one of the most powerful transformative forces in the modern world. From social networking platforms to e-governance systems, ICT has redefined the way individuals, communities, and governments interact. In sociology, ICT is not merely viewed as a set of technological tools, … Read more
Introduction on Women’s Movements in India Women’s movements in India represent one of the most significant social movements in modern history, addressing questions of gender equality, social justice, and human rights. Rooted in the struggle against patriarchal structures, these movements evolved in tandem with broader socio-political changes—colonialism, nationalism, independence, modernization, and globalization. From fighting for … Read more
Introduction Student movements have historically played a transformative role in shaping societies, influencing politics, culture, and public policy. From the anti-colonial struggles of the 20th century to protests against authoritarian regimes, students have consistently emerged as powerful agents of change. In 2025, student movements across the world are once again rising to prominence, fueled by … Read more
Introduction on Populism and Society Populism has emerged as one of the most influential political and social phenomena in the modern era. Across different regions—be it Latin America, Europe, Asia, or Africa—populist movements have been able to mobilize millions of people by emphasizing the idea that society is divided into two antagonistic groups: the “pure … Read more
Sociology, as a scientific discipline, seeks to understand the complexity of social reality. Yet, social reality is too vast, diverse, and dynamic to be captured directly in its totality. To make sense of it, sociologists require conceptual tools that can reduce complexity without distorting meaning. One such profound methodological tool is the “Ideal Type” introduced … Read more
Culture is one of the most fundamental concepts in sociology, encompassing the ideas, values, practices, and material expressions through which human beings give meaning to their collective existence. While society represents the network of social relationships, culture constitutes the symbolic and material framework that gives coherence to those relationships. To understand culture, sociologists not only … Read more
Culture is one of the most fundamental concepts in sociology, shaping human behavior, thought, and social interaction. It is the shared way of life of a people—encompassing their beliefs, values, customs, traditions, language, arts, and social practices. From the sociological perspective, culture is not merely an abstract idea but a living force that structures society, … Read more
Introduction on Norms and Values In the study of sociology, norms and values are foundational concepts that shape the behaviour, expectations, and cohesion of any social group. While often used together, norms and values occupy distinct but interrelated positions in the social fabric: values represent general beliefs about what is desirable or worthwhile, whereas norms … Read more
Human beings are inherently social. From the family that nurtures a newborn to the online communities that connect strangers across continents, people organize themselves into groups to meet needs, express identities, and shape behaviour. In sociology, the study of social groups is central because groups are the primary units through which norms, values, roles, and … Read more