Introduction The age and sex composition of a population is one of the most fundamental aspects of demographic study. From a sociological viewpoint, it shapes the structure, functioning, and future direction of society. The way individuals are distributed by age and sex has direct implications on social institutions such as family, education, labor, politics, and … Read more
Introduction Mortality — the incidence of death within a population — is a central concept in both demography and sociology. It reflects not only biological and medical conditions but also the broader social, cultural, economic, and political structures that shape human life. Sociologists examine mortality not merely as a biological inevitability but as a socially … Read more
Introduction Fertility is one of the most fundamental concepts in demography and sociology, representing the actual reproductive performance of a population. It refers to the number of live births occurring in a population within a specific period, usually a year. Fertility plays a critical role in determining population growth, age structure, and the social and … Read more