HS Special Desk 
Introduction Social movements have historically played a crucial role in shaping societies, challenging oppressive structures, and creating spaces for alternative visions of social order. Classical movements, such as labor movements or anti-colonial struggles, were largely centered on material concerns—economic redistribution, political rights, or control over state power. However, from the late 20th century onwards, a … Read more
Introduction Karl Marx remains one of the most influential thinkers in sociology, economics, and political science. His theory of class conflict, developed during the 19th century in the context of industrial capitalism, emphasized the antagonism between two fundamental classes: the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers who sell their labor … Read more
Introduction on Closed and Open System of Mobility Social mobility is one of the central concerns of sociology, as it highlights how individuals or groups move across different layers of social stratification within a society. It refers to the ability of people to shift their social position, whether upward, downward, horizontally, or intergenerationally. The nature … Read more
Introduction on Gender and Social Stratification Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in society based on unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power. Traditionally, sociologists have examined stratification through class, caste, race, and ethnicity. However, gender has increasingly been recognized as a crucial dimension of stratification because it deeply influences … Read more
Introduction on Social Movements and Youth Social movements have long been vehicles of collective action, allowing marginalized groups and disenfranchised populations to articulate grievances and challenge structures of power. In Central Asia, a region characterized by its unique post-Soviet transition, authoritarian governance, and hybrid socio-political structures, youth play an increasingly prominent role in shaping and … Read more
Introduction on Race and Slavery Stratification Race and slavery have historically been among the most significant forces shaping human societies. Both concepts have structured hierarchies, influenced social identities, and created deep forms of inequality. From ancient civilizations to modern times, slavery has operated as a system of stratification, often intertwined with race, to create rigid … Read more
Religion has always been more than a matter of private belief; it often shapes collective life, moral boundaries, and national identity. From the rise of ancient empires to the modern nation-state and plays an active role in the Religion in Public Sphere—a domain where citizens deliberate, express values, and negotiate the norms that govern society. … Read more
Introduction on Secularization and Secularism in Indian Experience Secularization and secularism are closely related yet distinct concepts that play a vital role in shaping modern societies. Secularization broadly refers to the historical and sociological process through which religion loses its influence over various spheres of life—politics, education, law, and culture. Secularism, in contrast, is a … Read more
Introduction on Russia vs China in Central Asia Central Asia, a vast region comprising Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, occupies a crucial position in global geopolitics. Nestled between Russia, China, South Asia, and the Middle East, the region has historically been a crossroads of trade, culture, and imperial ambitions. Today, Central Asia finds itself … Read more
Introduction Labor migration has become one of the most defining social, economic, and cultural phenomena in Central Asia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russia, as the largest economy in the post-Soviet space, has attracted millions of migrant workers from Central Asian republics such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. While Russia’s growing … Read more