HS Special Desk 
Introduction on Backward Class Movement in India The history of Indian society has been profoundly shaped by the dynamics of caste, class, and power. Among the major social movements in modern India, the Backward Class Movement occupies a central place in challenging hierarchical inequalities and striving toward social justice. The term “Backward Classes” primarily refers … Read more
Introduction on Peasant and Tribal Movements in India Peasant and tribal movements form a significant part of India’s socio-political history. Rooted in economic exploitation, social marginalization, and political exclusion, these movements highlight the struggles of the agrarian and indigenous population to assert their rights and dignity. A sociological study of these movements provides insights into … Read more
Introduction on Theories of Social Movement Groups of people working together to resist or promote social change are known as social movements. They emerge from discontent, inequality, or aspirations for justice and progress, and they play a transformative role in shaping societies. From the civil rights movement in the United States to environmental activism in … Read more
Introduction Social movements are one of the most dynamic forces shaping societies. They reflect collective aspirations, grievances, and struggles of people who seek to bring about social change, resist oppression, or defend existing structures. Unlike everyday social interactions, social movements are organized, sustained, and directed toward particular goals. Sociologists have long studied social movements to … Read more
Introduction on Weberian Approach to Stratification Social stratification is a central concept in sociology, referring to the structured inequalities among individuals and groups in society. While Karl Marx provided one of the earliest and most influential theories of class stratification, Max Weber extended the discussion by developing a multidimensional model of stratification. Weberian Approach to … Read more
Introduction The study of women’s rights and gender roles in Uzbekistan offers a complex sociological narrative, shaped by history, culture, religion, state policies, and global influences. Uzbekistan, as a Central Asian country with a rich heritage of Islamic tradition, Soviet legacy, and modern nation-building, reflects both progress and challenges in the domain of gender equality. … Read more
Introduction on Marxian Approach to Stratification Social stratification, the structured inequality of individuals and groups in society, has been a central concern of sociology. Different theorists have analyzed why inequality exists, how it persists, and its consequences for social life. Karl Marx’s viewpoint is still among the most revolutionary and significant of them. The Marxian … Read more
Introduction on Functional Approach to Stratification Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in society based on factors such as class, caste, status, power, wealth, and prestige. It shapes access to resources, life chances, and opportunities, making it one of the central concerns in sociology. Among the many perspectives that explain … Read more
Introduction on Inequality and Social Stratification Societies across history have been marked by differences in wealth, power, and status. These differences are not accidental; rather, they are structured and maintained through various social mechanisms. Sociology uses the concept of social stratification to explain these divisions, and it views inequality as a central outcome of stratified … Read more
Introduction Turkmenistan, a landlocked Central Asian nation, remains one of the most tightly controlled societies on earth. Since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, its political system has exhibited hallmark features of authoritarian rule: highly centralized power, pervasive propaganda, tightly managed civil society, and relentless surveillance. This sociological analysis investigates how authoritarianism in Turkmenistan … Read more