Systemic racism in American institutions is one of the most debated and researched themes in contemporary sociology. Unlike individual prejudice, systemic racism refers to the structured, historically rooted, and institutionally embedded patterns of inequality that shape life chances along racial lines. It is not merely about personal bias or isolated discriminatory acts; rather, it is … Read more
Introduction The idea of a “post-racial society” gained global attention in the early twenty-first century, particularly after the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States in 2008. Many commentators claimed that America had finally moved beyond race, discrimination, and structural inequality. According to this view, race no longer significantly shaped social opportunities, … Read more
Introduction The relationship between race and policing in the United States has been one of the most enduring and contested issues in American social life. From slave patrols in the colonial era to contemporary debates around police violence, racial profiling, and mass incarceration, policing has been deeply intertwined with systems of racial hierarchy. Sociologically, policing … Read more