Introduction on Evolutionism by Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) was a prominent British philosopher, biologist, and sociologist who played a crucial role in shaping early sociological thought. Often regarded as one of the principal founders of sociological evolutionism, Spencer applied Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to the study of society. His concept of “Social Darwinism”—though … Read more
Introduction on Sociology of Caste in South Asia The sociology of caste is one of the most enduring and complex social structures in South Asia, shaping the socio-political and economic lives of millions of people across India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Rooted in ancient Hindu scriptures but extending beyond religious boundaries, caste operates … Read more
Introduction A turning point in modern history, the French Revolution (1789–1799) signaled the end of absolutist monarchy and the emergence of democratic principles. While historians often focus on its political and economic dimensions, a sociological analysis reveals deeper insights into how social structures, class conflicts, and collective behavior shaped this transformative event. From a sociological … Read more
Introduction Reality is often perceived as an objective and fixed entity, existing independently of human interpretation. However, social constructivism challenges this notion by arguing that much of what we consider “real” is shaped by social interactions, cultural norms, and collective agreements. In sociology, social constructivism examines how society creates and maintains shared understandings of reality … Read more
Introduction Postmodernism is one of the most debated and influential theoretical perspectives in contemporary sociology. Emerging in the late 20th century as a critique of modernist thought, postmodernism challenges the grand narratives, universal truths, and structural determinism that characterized classical sociological theories. Instead, it emphasizes fragmentation, relativism, and the fluidity of social reality. This article … Read more
Introduction Feminist theory is a critical sociological perspective that examines gender inequalities, power structures, and the social construction of femininity and masculinity. Rooted in the broader feminist movement, feminist theory seeks to challenge patriarchal norms, advocate for gender equality, and analyze how intersecting social categories such as race, class, and sexuality shape women’s experiences. This … Read more
Introduction on Karl Marx Contributions to Sociology Karl Marx (1818–1883) is still regarded as one of the most important figures in political philosophy, economics, and sociology. His critiques of capitalism, theories of class struggle, and analysis of social structures have profoundly shaped sociological thought. Marx’s work provides a framework for understanding how economic systems shape … Read more
Introduction on Branches of Sociology The scientific study of society, interpersonal connections, and human behavior in social settings is known as sociology. As a broad discipline, it encompasses various branches that examine different aspects of social life, institutions, and interactions. These branches of sociology allow sociologists to specialize in specific areas, providing deeper insights into … Read more
Introduction on Conflict Theory in Sociology Conflict theory is one of the major sociological perspectives that examines how power dynamics, social inequalities, and competition shape society. Rooted in the works of Karl Marx, conflict theory emphasizes the role of coercion and domination in maintaining social order, rather than consensus or harmony. This perspective highlights the … Read more
Introduction on Functionalism in Sociology Functionalism is one of the most influential theoretical perspectives in sociology, offering a framework for understanding how societies maintain stability and order. Rooted in the works of early sociologists such as Émile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, and Talcott Parsons, functionalism examines social structures and institutions in terms of the functions they … Read more