Introduction Lewis Coser (1913–2003) stands as one of the most influential sociologists of the 20th century who reinterpreted the role of social conflict in modern societies. His work, “The Functions of Social Conflict” (1956), presented a strikingly different view from traditional sociological thinkers who saw conflict as a sign of social breakdown or instability. Coser, … Read more
Introduction Ralf Dahrendorf (1929–2009) was a German-British sociologist, political scientist, and liberal thinker whose works significantly reshaped modern conflict theory in sociology. His most influential contribution lies in redefining social conflict within the framework of structural-functionalism and Marxism. At a time when Talcott Parsons and other functionalists emphasized social order, stability, and integration, Ralf Dahrendorf … Read more
Introduction on Observation in Social Research Observation is one of the oldest and most fundamental methods in social research. It involves systematically watching, listening to, and recording social phenomena as they occur in their natural settings. In sociology, observation helps researchers understand the everyday behavior, interactions, and experiences of individuals and groups in society. Unlike … Read more
Introduction Education has long been celebrated as the great equalizer — a pathway through which individuals can transcend social barriers and achieve upward mobility. However, sociological inquiry reveals a paradox: while education promises equality of opportunity, in practice it often reproduces and legitimizes existing social inequalities. Schools, instead of being neutral grounds of meritocracy, have … Read more
Introduction In today’s interconnected and globalized world, the issues of race and ethnicity remain central to sociological inquiry. Despite significant progress in communication, education, and human rights, societies across the globe continue to grapple with racial and ethnic inequalities, prejudices, and tensions. The modern world is increasingly multicultural — characterized by the coexistence of diverse … Read more
Introduction Gender inequality continues to be one of the most persistent social problems of the 21st century, despite significant progress in education, employment, and political participation. From wage gaps to domestic labor divisions, from media portrayals to global representation, inequality based on gender persists in both visible and subtle forms. Sociology, as the systematic study … Read more
Introduction on Nuclear Power and Terrorism The intersection of nuclear power and terrorism represents one of the most alarming challenges of the modern world. While nuclear power stands as a symbol of scientific progress, energy security, and national pride, it simultaneously embodies a source of fear due to its destructive potential. The threat of nuclear … Read more
Introduction Climate change and global warming are among the most pressing global issues of the 21st century. While scientists focus on their environmental and physical aspects, sociology helps us understand their social dimensions — how societies cause, experience, and respond to these environmental changes. The sociological approach to climate change does not merely look at … Read more
Introduction on Nature of Social Research Social research is the systematic and scientific study of human society, its structures, relationships, and processes. It aims to understand the complex web of social phenomena — including human behavior, institutions, and cultural norms — through empirical observation and logical analysis. In sociology, social research serves as the foundation … Read more
Introduction Social research forms the backbone of sociology as a discipline. It is through systematic and scientific investigation that sociologists are able to understand, explain, and predict human social behavior. Society is a complex web of relationships, institutions, norms, and values that continuously evolve. To comprehend such dynamic realities, social research provides essential tools and … Read more