Introduction Urban sociology, as a branch of sociology, examines the social structures, processes, and relationships that shape life in cities and metropolitan regions. In North America, urban sociology holds a unique place because cities such as New York, Toronto, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Mexico City have long been epicenters of industrial growth, migration, and cultural … Read more
Introduction In today’s interconnected and globalized world, the issues of race and ethnicity remain central to sociological inquiry. Despite significant progress in communication, education, and human rights, societies across the globe continue to grapple with racial and ethnic inequalities, prejudices, and tensions. The modern world is increasingly multicultural — characterized by the coexistence of diverse … Read more
Introduction Kyrgyzstan, a landlocked Central Asian state, is often described as a “crossroads of civilizations.” Historically, it has been home to nomadic Turkic peoples, Persian-speaking traders, Mongol invaders, and, more recently, Russian settlers during the Tsarist and Soviet periods. This historical layering of populations has produced a country that is ethnically diverse despite its relatively … Read more
Introduction on Linguistic Diversities in India India is a land of immense cultural and linguistic diversity. India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, with approximately 19,500 languages or dialects spoken there. According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 121 major languages and 1,369 mother tongues, reflecting the country’s … Read more