Basic Sociology

Globalization: An Age-Old Process – Ronald Robertson’s Perspective

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Social Inequality in the Age of Billionaires: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction Globalization is often described as a modern phenomenon, closely linked with the spread of capitalism, digital technologies, multinational corporations, and transnational cultural flows. However, sociologist Ronald Robertson, one of the pioneering theorists of globalization, insists that globalization is not merely a recent development, but rather an age-old process with deep historical roots. His work … Read more

Definition of Globalization in Sociological Aspect

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The Rise of Information and Communication Technology: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction Globalization has emerged as one of the most influential processes shaping contemporary society. It is not simply a buzzword but a multidimensional phenomenon that connects people, cultures, economies, and political systems beyond traditional territorial boundaries. While economists often define globalization in terms of trade and markets, and political scientists emphasize international institutions and governance, … Read more

Caste and Political Elite in India: A Sociological Analysis

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Jajmani System in Traditional Indian Society: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction on Caste and Political Elite The relationship between caste and political elite in India remains one of the most defining aspects of the country’s democratic and sociological landscape. Caste, a historically entrenched system of social stratification, has not only influenced individual identity and community life but has also shaped political representation, power distribution, and … Read more

Power Elite: C. W. Mills – A Sociological Perspective

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Caste and Political Elite in India: A Sociological Analysis

Introduction The study of power, authority, and inequality lies at the heart of sociology, as societies are structured around the distribution of resources and decision-making capacities. Among the most significant contributions to the sociology of power is C. Wright Mills’s theory of the Power Elite, developed in his landmark book The Power Elite (1956). Mills, … Read more

Karl Marx: Concept of Power and the State

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Caste and Political Elite in India: A Sociological Analysis

Introduction on Power and the State The analysis of power and the state has long been central to sociology, with Karl Marx standing as one of the most influential thinkers in shaping modern discourse on these themes. Marx’s understanding of power and the state cannot be separated from his broader theoretical framework of historical materialism, … Read more

Circulation of Elite: Pareto

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Circulation of Elite: Pareto

Introduction In the history of sociological thought, Vilfredo Pareto occupies a distinctive place as both an economist and sociologist whose theories of social stratification and political dynamics continue to influence scholarship. Among his key contributions is the theory of the circulation of elites, which explores how ruling groups in society are continuously replaced, restructured, and … Read more

Max Weber: Power and Authority in Sociological Perspective

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Circulation of Elite: Pareto

Introduction on Power and Authority In the study of sociology, few thinkers have had as enduring an influence as Max Weber. As one of the founding figures of modern social science, Weber sought to understand the dynamics of society through the lens of social action, culture, economy, and politics. Among his many theoretical contributions, his … Read more

Modern Culture by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Exploration

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Biopower: Power Over People’s Bodies and Minds

Introduction The emergence of modern culture has long been a subject of deep inquiry within sociology, and few thinkers have articulated its complexities as clearly as Georg Simmel. A founding figure in classical sociology, Simmel examined how modernity reshaped individual life, social interaction, and cultural expression. For Simmel, modern culture was not simply a collection … Read more

Social Types by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Perspective

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George C. Homans and Peter Blau on Exchange Theory: A Sociological Analysis

Introduction Georg Simmel (1858–1918), a founding figure in sociology, is often celebrated for his unique approach that fused philosophy, sociology, and cultural analysis. Unlike many of his contemporaries such as Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, or Max Weber, Simmel focused less on grand social structures and more on everyday interactions and patterns of association. His sociology … Read more

Forms of Interaction and Individuality by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Exploration

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G.H. Mead and Symbolic Interactionism: A Sociological Analysis

Introduction on Forms of Interaction Georg Simmel, one of the founding figures of sociology, is often regarded as a pioneer of micro-sociological analysis. Unlike Karl Marx, Max Weber, or Emile Durkheim, who primarily emphasized large social structures, Simmel devoted his intellectual energy to understanding the everyday patterns of interaction and their impact on human individuality. … Read more