Introduction on Sociology of Democracy Democracy, as a form of governance, thrives on informed participation, open dialogue, and trust in institutions. Citizens are expected to deliberate, evaluate competing claims, and make decisions that shape the political order. However, in the contemporary world, the phenomenon of fake news—fabricated information presented as fact with the intent to … Read more
Introduction Human society and individual behavior are two inseparable aspects of human existence. To understand one, it is often necessary to study the other. This is where sociology and psychology, two important branches of social sciences, intersect. Sociology primarily studies society, its institutions, structures, and patterns of collective behavior, while psychology focuses on the individual … Read more
Introduction on Inequality and Social Stratification Societies across history have been marked by differences in wealth, power, and status. These differences are not accidental; rather, they are structured and maintained through various social mechanisms. Sociology uses the concept of social stratification to explain these divisions, and it views inequality as a central outcome of stratified … Read more
Introduction on Evolutionism by Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) was a prominent British philosopher, biologist, and sociologist who played a crucial role in shaping early sociological thought. Often regarded as one of the principal founders of sociological evolutionism, Spencer applied Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to the study of society. His concept of “Social Darwinism”—though … Read more
Introduction on Sociology of Caste in South Asia The sociology of caste is one of the most enduring and complex social structures in South Asia, shaping the socio-political and economic lives of millions of people across India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Rooted in ancient Hindu scriptures but extending beyond religious boundaries, caste operates … Read more
Introduction A turning point in modern history, the French Revolution (1789–1799) signaled the end of absolutist monarchy and the emergence of democratic principles. While historians often focus on its political and economic dimensions, a sociological analysis reveals deeper insights into how social structures, class conflicts, and collective behavior shaped this transformative event. From a sociological … Read more
Introduction Reality is often perceived as an objective and fixed entity, existing independently of human interpretation. However, social constructivism challenges this notion by arguing that much of what we consider “real” is shaped by social interactions, cultural norms, and collective agreements. In sociology, social constructivism examines how society creates and maintains shared understandings of reality … Read more
Introduction Postmodernism is one of the most debated and influential theoretical perspectives in contemporary sociology. Emerging in the late 20th century as a critique of modernist thought, postmodernism challenges the grand narratives, universal truths, and structural determinism that characterized classical sociological theories. Instead, it emphasizes fragmentation, relativism, and the fluidity of social reality. This article … Read more
Introduction Feminist theory is a critical sociological perspective that examines gender inequalities, power structures, and the social construction of femininity and masculinity. Rooted in the broader feminist movement, feminist theory seeks to challenge patriarchal norms, advocate for gender equality, and analyze how intersecting social categories such as race, class, and sexuality shape women’s experiences. This … Read more
Introduction on Karl Marx Contributions to Sociology Karl Marx (1818–1883) is still regarded as one of the most important figures in political philosophy, economics, and sociology. His critiques of capitalism, theories of class struggle, and analysis of social structures have profoundly shaped sociological thought. Marx’s work provides a framework for understanding how economic systems shape … Read more