Introduction Race relations in the United States have been shaped by a long and complex history of colonization, slavery, segregation, migration, and resistance. From the forced arrival of African slaves in the 17th century to the contemporary movements for racial justice, American society has continually struggled with questions of equality, identity, and power. Sociologically, race … Read more
Introduction on Education and Social Inequality in United States Education has long been celebrated as the cornerstone of democracy and the primary means of achieving upward social mobility in the United States. From the early ideals of the “American Dream” to modern discourses on equality of opportunity, education is often portrayed as the great equalizer. … Read more
Introduction on Development and Inequalities Development has long been seen as the process of improving the quality of human life through economic growth, technological progress, social transformation, and political modernization. However, development is not a neutral or uniformly beneficial process. It often reproduces or even intensifies existing inequalities within and between societies. From a sociological … Read more
Introduction on Development and Displacement Development is often portrayed as a pathway to progress, modernization, and economic growth. Governments and corporations across the globe promote developmental projects such as dams, highways, industries, and mining as symbols of national advancement. However, beneath this vision of prosperity lies a harsh social reality — displacement. Millions of people, … Read more
Introduction on State and Development The relationship between the state and development has long been one of the central themes in sociology and political economy. The state, as a structured system of governance, plays a vital role in shaping economic growth, social welfare, and cultural transformation. Development, on the other hand, refers to the progressive … Read more
Introduction on Marxian Approach to Stratification Social stratification, the structured inequality of individuals and groups in society, has been a central concern of sociology. Different theorists have analyzed why inequality exists, how it persists, and its consequences for social life. Karl Marx’s viewpoint is still among the most revolutionary and significant of them. The Marxian … Read more
Introduction on Functional Approach to Stratification Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals and groups in society based on factors such as class, caste, status, power, wealth, and prestige. It shapes access to resources, life chances, and opportunities, making it one of the central concerns in sociology. Among the many perspectives that explain … Read more
Introduction Social justice is a fundamental principle that seeks to ensure fairness, equity, and equal opportunities for all members of society, particularly marginalized and disadvantaged groups. By interpreting the law, defending constitutional rights, and resolving structural injustices, the judiciary plays a critical role in maintaining social justice. From a sociological perspective, the judiciary does not … Read more
Introduction Social justice and equality are foundational concepts in sociology, shaping discussions on fairness, rights, and opportunities within societies. These ideas are central to understanding how societies distribute resources, power, and privileges among different groups. From a sociological perspective, social justice refers to the equitable distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges, while equality pertains to … Read more
Introduction of Patriarchy and Marginalization Patriarchy and marginalization are two interconnected systems that shape social hierarchies, power dynamics, and access to resources in societies worldwide. Patriarchy refers to a social system in which men hold primary power, dominating in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control over property. Marginalization, on the other … Read more