Introduction on War and Society War has been one of the most defining forces in human history. From ancient tribal battles to world wars and contemporary conflicts, wars have left a profound imprint not only on political structures and national boundaries but also on societies and communities. The sociological study of war examines how conflicts … Read more
Introduction on ICT and Empowerment The rapid growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed modern societies in profound ways. ICT is not only a tool for technological development but also a catalyst for social transformation and empowerment. In sociological discourse, empowerment is often understood as the ability of individuals or groups to gain … Read more
Introduction In the contemporary era, society is deeply shaped by the rapid advancement of digital technologies. The internet, mobile devices, and digital platforms have transformed communication, education, economy, governance, and even personal identities. However, these transformations have not been equally accessible to all. The gap between individuals, groups, and societies in terms of access to … Read more
Introduction on Women’s Movements in India Women’s movements in India represent one of the most significant social movements in modern history, addressing questions of gender equality, social justice, and human rights. Rooted in the struggle against patriarchal structures, these movements evolved in tandem with broader socio-political changes—colonialism, nationalism, independence, modernization, and globalization. From fighting for … Read more
Introduction on Theories of Social Movement Groups of people working together to resist or promote social change are known as social movements. They emerge from discontent, inequality, or aspirations for justice and progress, and they play a transformative role in shaping societies. From the civil rights movement in the United States to environmental activism in … Read more
Introduction on Marxian Approach to Stratification Social stratification, the structured inequality of individuals and groups in society, has been a central concern of sociology. Different theorists have analyzed why inequality exists, how it persists, and its consequences for social life. Karl Marx’s viewpoint is still among the most revolutionary and significant of them. The Marxian … Read more
Introduction Student movements have historically played a transformative role in shaping societies, influencing politics, culture, and public policy. From the anti-colonial struggles of the 20th century to protests against authoritarian regimes, students have consistently emerged as powerful agents of change. In 2025, student movements across the world are once again rising to prominence, fueled by … Read more
Introduction on Globalisation and Cultural Changes Globalisation, one of the most debated phenomena of the late 20th and 21st centuries, is not limited to economic integration or political interdependence. It is equally a cultural process that redefines identities, traditions, and social practices across the globe. The shrinking of time and space through advanced communication, technology, … Read more
Introduction on Information and Communication Technology The rise of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed human societies in unprecedented ways. From the printing press to the internet and artificial intelligence, Information and Communication Technology has shaped how people communicate, access knowledge, build relationships, and organize their social, economic, and political lives. In sociology, Information … Read more
Sociology, as a scientific discipline, seeks to understand the complexity of social reality. Yet, social reality is too vast, diverse, and dynamic to be captured directly in its totality. To make sense of it, sociologists require conceptual tools that can reduce complexity without distorting meaning. One such profound methodological tool is the “Ideal Type” introduced … Read more