Introduction Lewis Coser (1913–2003) stands as one of the most influential sociologists of the 20th century who reinterpreted the role of social conflict in modern societies. His work, “The Functions of Social Conflict” (1956), presented a strikingly different view from traditional sociological thinkers who saw conflict as a sign of social breakdown or instability. Coser, … Read more
Introduction Ralf Dahrendorf (1929–2009) was a German-British sociologist, political scientist, and liberal thinker whose works significantly reshaped modern conflict theory in sociology. His most influential contribution lies in redefining social conflict within the framework of structural-functionalism and Marxism. At a time when Talcott Parsons and other functionalists emphasized social order, stability, and integration, Ralf Dahrendorf … Read more
Introduction Gender inequality continues to be one of the most persistent social problems of the 21st century, despite significant progress in education, employment, and political participation. From wage gaps to domestic labor divisions, from media portrayals to global representation, inequality based on gender persists in both visible and subtle forms. Sociology, as the systematic study … Read more
Introduction on Modern Education in India Education is one of the most powerful instruments for social transformation and human development. In the Indian context, the structure and growth of modern education reflect the nation’s historical transitions, social aspirations, and developmental needs. From the colonial period to post-independence reforms and the present globalized era, modern education … Read more
Introduction on War and Society War has been one of the most defining forces in human history. From ancient tribal battles to world wars and contemporary conflicts, wars have left a profound imprint not only on political structures and national boundaries but also on societies and communities. The sociological study of war examines how conflicts … Read more
Introduction on ICT and Empowerment The rapid growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed modern societies in profound ways. ICT is not only a tool for technological development but also a catalyst for social transformation and empowerment. In sociological discourse, empowerment is often understood as the ability of individuals or groups to gain … Read more
Introduction In the contemporary era, society is deeply shaped by the rapid advancement of digital technologies. The internet, mobile devices, and digital platforms have transformed communication, education, economy, governance, and even personal identities. However, these transformations have not been equally accessible to all. The gap between individuals, groups, and societies in terms of access to … Read more
Introduction on Women’s Movements in India Women’s movements in India represent one of the most significant social movements in modern history, addressing questions of gender equality, social justice, and human rights. Rooted in the struggle against patriarchal structures, these movements evolved in tandem with broader socio-political changes—colonialism, nationalism, independence, modernization, and globalization. From fighting for … Read more
Introduction on Theories of Social Movement Groups of people working together to resist or promote social change are known as social movements. They emerge from discontent, inequality, or aspirations for justice and progress, and they play a transformative role in shaping societies. From the civil rights movement in the United States to environmental activism in … Read more
Introduction on Marxian Approach to Stratification Social stratification, the structured inequality of individuals and groups in society, has been a central concern of sociology. Different theorists have analyzed why inequality exists, how it persists, and its consequences for social life. Karl Marx’s viewpoint is still among the most revolutionary and significant of them. The Marxian … Read more