Introduction on Problems of Dry Agriculture Agriculture forms the backbone of rural society, providing livelihoods to millions and shaping the social structure, economy, and culture of agrarian communities. However, not all regions enjoy the same agricultural conditions. In many parts of India and the world, agriculture is practiced in areas that receive scanty and uncertain … Read more
Introduction Political factionalism in rural society refers to the division of a community into rival groups or factions based on political allegiance, caste, kinship, religion, or local interests. It is a widespread phenomenon in rural India, where social and political life are deeply intertwined. Unlike urban politics, which often revolves around ideological or party-based competition, … Read more
Introduction on Unemployment and Indebtedness Rural society forms the backbone of most developing nations, including India, where agriculture and allied activities are the main sources of livelihood. However, rural communities face persistent issues of unemployment and indebtedness, which have far-reaching social, economic, and psychological consequences. These two interlinked problems not only hinder rural development but … Read more
Introduction Rural societies across the world have long been characterized by close-knit communities, traditional economies, and collective modes of production. Within this context, cooperatives have emerged as an important institution for promoting social and economic development. A cooperative is a voluntary association of individuals who come together to meet common needs—economic, social, or cultural—through a … Read more
Introduction on Dairy and Fishery Industry The dairy and fishery industries hold significant positions in the socio-economic fabric of rural societies. These sectors are not merely economic activities but social institutions deeply embedded in community life, traditions, and relationships. From the lens of sociology, they can be viewed as integral systems that influence social organization, … Read more
Introduction The commercialization of agriculture represents one of the most significant transformations in rural societies, particularly in the developing world. It refers to the process through which agriculture shifts from subsistence-oriented production—where farmers grow primarily for household consumption—to market-oriented production, where crops and livestock are produced mainly for sale and profit. This transformation is not … Read more
Introduction on Jajmani System in Traditional Indian Society The traditional Indian society was largely agrarian, community-oriented, and structured around caste-based interdependence. Within this social fabric, the Jajmani system emerged as a crucial institution that governed the economic and social relationships among various castes. It functioned as a form of hereditary patron-client relationship that ensured economic … Read more
Introduction on Social and Cultural Relations The Indian village community has long been regarded as the backbone of the country’s social and cultural life. Despite modernization, urbanization, and globalization, rural life still holds immense sociological significance. The village remains the fundamental unit of India’s social structure, where human relationships are governed not merely by economic … Read more
Introduction on Rural-Urban Differences The distinction between rural and urban societies has been a central theme in sociology since its inception. Sociologists like Ferdinand Tönnies, Emile Durkheim, and Robert Redfield have explored how patterns of life, social structures, and values differ between rural and urban settings. While both are integral parts of the same national … Read more
Introduction India is often described as a land of villages. Despite rapid urbanization and the growth of metropolitan cities, the rural population continues to represent the heart of the nation’s demographic and social structure. Villages in India are not merely administrative units—they are living communities where traditional norms, social relations, and local institutions have evolved … Read more