Religion has always played a central role in shaping human societies, cultures, and worldviews. Beyond individual faith, it operates as a collective phenomenon that influences identity, morality, and social organization. Within sociology, religion is often examined not only as a belief system but also as a social institution that produces collective action, cohesion, and sometimes … Read more
Religion has always been a significant institution in society, shaping culture, morality, and social behavior. Sociologists study religion not just as a set of beliefs but as a social institution that influences and is influenced by economic, political, and cultural forces. To better understand religious organizations, scholars have classified them into different types: church, sect, … Read more
Introduction on Factors of Abnormal Behaviour Human behaviour is shaped by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social forces. While most behaviours are considered normal and socially acceptable, certain patterns deviate significantly from societal expectations and are classified as abnormal behaviour. In sociology and social psychology, abnormal behaviour is understood not only as a … Read more
Introduction The study of abnormality has long been central to psychology and sociology alike. While psychology largely examines abnormality as a deviation from mental, emotional, or behavioral norms, sociology places it within a broader social context. Social psychology, positioned at the intersection of these two disciplines, provides a more nuanced understanding by analyzing how social … Read more
Introduction The idea of reflexive modernization emerged in late 20th-century sociological debates, particularly through the works of Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens, who analyzed the transformations of modern societies under the conditions of global risk, advanced technology, and changing social relations. Unlike classical modernization theory, which focused on industrialization, rationalization, and linear progress, reflexive modernization … Read more
Introduction on Perception and Management of Risk Risk is an inseparable element of social life. Every human society, whether traditional or modern, faces uncertainties that threaten its stability and well-being. From natural disasters and health crises to technological hazards and financial instability, risk is embedded in everyday existence. However, the way societies perceive risk and … Read more
Introduction on Theory of Risk Society of Modernity The transformation of societies in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has led to new forms of challenges that transcend traditional boundaries of class, geography, and politics. Among the thinkers who deeply analyzed these transformations, Ulrich Beck, a German sociologist, stands out for introducing the concept … Read more
Introduction on Post-Independence Migration to West Asia Migration is one of the most significant social processes that has shaped human societies across history. In the context of India, the post-independence era witnessed distinctive migration patterns that influenced both the country and the regions where Indians settled. Among these, migration to West Asia (commonly referred to … Read more
Introduction on Vulnerability and Risk Assessment In the modern world, individuals, communities and societies constantly encounter risks ranging from natural disasters to technological hazards, economic insecurities, and social inequalities. The ability to understand and manage these risks is not only a technical or environmental issue but also deeply rooted in sociological realities. Vulnerability and risk … Read more
Introduction on Hazards and Disasters Hazards and disasters are often understood in terms of physical destruction, economic loss, or environmental degradation. However, they are also profoundly social phenomena. While a hazard refers to a potential threat arising from natural or human-induced causes, a disaster occurs when that hazard interacts with human vulnerability and social structures, … Read more