HS Special Desk 
Introduction Social research forms the backbone of sociology as a discipline. It is through systematic and scientific investigation that sociologists are able to understand, explain, and predict human social behavior. Society is a complex web of relationships, institutions, norms, and values that continuously evolve. To comprehend such dynamic realities, social research provides essential tools and … Read more
Introduction The contemporary gig economy—characterized by short-term contracts, freelance work, and digital platforms such as Uber, Swiggy, Upwork, and Fiverr—represents one of the most significant transformations in modern labour relations. While it seems a product of advanced technology and globalization, the sociological questions it raises are deeply rooted in classical theory. One of the most … Read more
Introduction Historical materialism is one of the most influential theoretical frameworks developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to explain the dynamics of society, history, and social change. It posits that material conditions—such as the mode of production, ownership of resources, and economic relations—are the primary drivers of historical development. In contrast to idealist philosophies, … Read more
Introduction on Meaning and Definitions of Development The concept of development has been one of the central themes in sociology, economics, and political science. However, unlike in purely economic discourse where development is often reduced to indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or per capita income, sociology interprets development in a much broader and … Read more
Introduction on Max Weber on Power Power has always been central to human society, shaping the organization of communities, states, and global structures. Among the classical sociologists, Max Weber (1864–1920) stands as one of the most influential thinkers in understanding power and authority. His analysis, rooted in sociology and political theory, offers timeless insights into … Read more
Introduction on Sociology and Social Demography Sociology, as the scientific study of human society, social relationships, and institutions, seeks to understand how individuals and groups interact within a structured social environment. Social demography, on the other hand, is a specialized branch of sociology that deals with the study of population size, structure, distribution, and the … Read more
Introduction Functionalism was one of the dominant theoretical paradigms in sociology during the mid-20th century. Developed most prominently by Talcott Parsons and further refined by Robert K. Merton, functionalism presented society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain order, stability, and equilibrium. However, as the 1960s and 1970s brought waves of … Read more
Introduction on C. Wright Mills In the mid-20th century, American sociology was dominated by structural functionalism, an approach most famously associated with Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton. Functionalism emphasized the stability of society, viewing it as a system of interrelated parts working together to maintain order and equilibrium. However, as the world entered an … Read more
Introduction Social movements have historically played a crucial role in shaping societies, challenging oppressive structures, and creating spaces for alternative visions of social order. Classical movements, such as labor movements or anti-colonial struggles, were largely centered on material concerns—economic redistribution, political rights, or control over state power. However, from the late 20th century onwards, a … Read more
Introduction Karl Marx remains one of the most influential thinkers in sociology, economics, and political science. His theory of class conflict, developed during the 19th century in the context of industrial capitalism, emphasized the antagonism between two fundamental classes: the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers who sell their labor … Read more