HS Special Desk 
Introduction on Tribal Social Stratification Social stratification, in its simplest sense, refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society based on various socio-economic, cultural, or political criteria. While stratification is often associated with large, complex societies—through class, caste, race, or status divisions—it is equally relevant in the study of tribal communities. Tribal … Read more
Introduction on Industrial Social Stratification Social stratification has always been a central theme in sociology, referring to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on wealth, power, prestige, and access to resources. While stratification existed in pre-industrial societies through feudalism, caste, or slavery, the rise of industrial society introduced new patterns … Read more
Introduction on Agrarian Social Stratification Agrarian social stratification refers to the structured inequality and hierarchical arrangements that emerge in agricultural societies based on access to land, resources, and power. In sociology, this concept provides insights into how agrarian economies shape social classes, status, and power relations in rural settings. Unlike urban or industrial stratification, agrarian … Read more
Introduction on Governmentality and Risk In contemporary sociology, the concepts of governmentality and risk have become central to understanding how modern societies are organized, regulated, and disciplined. The term governmentality was developed by Michel Foucault in the late 1970s to describe the rationalities, techniques, and practices through which populations are governed. It shifts attention from … Read more
Introduction In the contemporary world, globalization has interconnected societies, economies, and cultures at an unprecedented scale. Yet, alongside its promises of growth and development, globalization has deepened inequalities across the globe. The widening gap between wealthy and poor nations, as well as disparities within societies, exposes marginalized populations to heightened risks and vulnerabilities. The phrase … Read more
Introduction The relationship between religion and society has undergone a profound transformation in Europe over the past five centuries. From the dominance of the medieval Church to the Enlightenment’s rationalism, the Reformation’s fragmentation, and the modern pluralist democratic state, Europe has been a primary site for studying secularization and secularism. These two concepts, while related, … Read more
Religion has always played a central role in shaping human societies, cultures, and worldviews. Beyond individual faith, it operates as a collective phenomenon that influences identity, morality, and social organization. Within sociology, religion is often examined not only as a belief system but also as a social institution that produces collective action, cohesion, and sometimes … Read more
Religion has always been a significant institution in society, shaping culture, morality, and social behavior. Sociologists study religion not just as a set of beliefs but as a social institution that influences and is influenced by economic, political, and cultural forces. To better understand religious organizations, scholars have classified them into different types: church, sect, … Read more
Introduction The study of abnormality has long been central to psychology and sociology alike. While psychology largely examines abnormality as a deviation from mental, emotional, or behavioral norms, sociology places it within a broader social context. Social psychology, positioned at the intersection of these two disciplines, provides a more nuanced understanding by analyzing how social … Read more
Introduction on Theory of Risk Society of Modernity The transformation of societies in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries has led to new forms of challenges that transcend traditional boundaries of class, geography, and politics. Among the thinkers who deeply analyzed these transformations, Ulrich Beck, a German sociologist, stands out for introducing the concept … Read more