HS Special Desk

Ethnic Diversity and Tensions in Kyrgyzstan: A Sociological Perspective

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Ethnic Diversity and Tensions in Kyrgyzstan: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction Kyrgyzstan, a landlocked Central Asian state, is often described as a “crossroads of civilizations.” Historically, it has been home to nomadic Turkic peoples, Persian-speaking traders, Mongol invaders, and, more recently, Russian settlers during the Tsarist and Soviet periods. This historical layering of populations has produced a country that is ethnically diverse despite its relatively … Read more

Power Elite: C. W. Mills – A Sociological Perspective

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Caste and Political Elite in India: A Sociological Analysis

Introduction The study of power, authority, and inequality lies at the heart of sociology, as societies are structured around the distribution of resources and decision-making capacities. Among the most significant contributions to the sociology of power is C. Wright Mills’s theory of the Power Elite, developed in his landmark book The Power Elite (1956). Mills, … Read more

Circulation of Elite: Pareto

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Circulation of Elite: Pareto

Introduction In the history of sociological thought, Vilfredo Pareto occupies a distinctive place as both an economist and sociologist whose theories of social stratification and political dynamics continue to influence scholarship. Among his key contributions is the theory of the circulation of elites, which explores how ruling groups in society are continuously replaced, restructured, and … Read more

Max Weber: Power and Authority in Sociological Perspective

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Circulation of Elite: Pareto

Introduction on Power and Authority In the study of sociology, few thinkers have had as enduring an influence as Max Weber. As one of the founding figures of modern social science, Weber sought to understand the dynamics of society through the lens of social action, culture, economy, and politics. Among his many theoretical contributions, his … Read more

Modern Culture by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Exploration

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Modern Culture by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Exploration

Introduction The emergence of modern culture has long been a subject of deep inquiry within sociology, and few thinkers have articulated its complexities as clearly as Georg Simmel. A founding figure in classical sociology, Simmel examined how modernity reshaped individual life, social interaction, and cultural expression. For Simmel, modern culture was not simply a collection … Read more

Forms of Interaction and Individuality by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Exploration

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Forms of Interaction and Individuality by Georg Simmel: A Sociological Exploration

Introduction on Forms of Interaction Georg Simmel, one of the founding figures of sociology, is often regarded as a pioneer of micro-sociological analysis. Unlike Karl Marx, Max Weber, or Emile Durkheim, who primarily emphasized large social structures, Simmel devoted his intellectual energy to understanding the everyday patterns of interaction and their impact on human individuality. … Read more

Class Conflict by Karl Marx: A Sociological Perspective

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Class Conflict by Karl Marx: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction Karl Marx remains one of the most influential figures in sociology, not only because of his comprehensive critique of capitalism but also for his conceptualization of class conflict as the driving force of historical development. His ideas transcend economics and political theory, deeply embedding themselves in the sociological imagination. Marx viewed society as an … Read more

Nation Building and National Identity in Kazakhstan: A Sociological Perspective

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Nation Building and National Identity in Kazakhstan: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction Nation-building and the construction of national identity are deeply sociological processes, shaped not only by political leadership and statecraft but also by historical memory, cultural narratives, ethnic composition, and global influences. In Kazakhstan, a vast Central Asian country with a complex past, these processes take on special significance. Since gaining independence from the Soviet … Read more

Historical Materialism by Karl Marx: A Sociological Perspective

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Historical Materialism by Karl Marx: A Sociological Perspective

Introduction Karl Marx (1818–1883), one of the most influential thinkers in sociology, philosophy, and political economy, developed the theory of Historical Materialism as the foundation of his analysis of society and social change. Historical Materialism refers to the view that material conditions—especially the mode of production and the relations of production—are the driving forces behind … Read more

Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber: A Sociological Analysis

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Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber: A Sociological Analysis

Introduction Among the classics of sociology, Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905) stands as a landmark in understanding the relationship between religion, culture, and economic life. While Karl Marx emphasized material conditions and economic structures in shaping society, Weber took a different route: he sought to understand how ideas, beliefs, … Read more